References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc: Philadelphia, PA, 1988.Įdinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, Radtke RA et al. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn. Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses. Factors influencing publication of research results. 1989 28: 193–213.Įasterbrook PJ, Berlin JA, Gopalan R et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. ![]() 2006 25: 3–14.īuysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH et al. Comparative meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for insomnia and their efficacy in middle-aged adults and in older adults 55+ years of age. Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. Identifying effective psychological treatments for insomnia: a meta-analysis. Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. ![]() Benzodiaz-epines and zolpidem for chronic insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for prevention? JAMA 1989 262: 1479–84. Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 national sleep foundation survey. Insomnia and its treatment: prevalence and correlates. An Epidemiological study of insomnia among the Japanese general population. The abovementioned results support the effectiveness of CBT-I for the treatment and prevention of relapse of primary insomnia despite the existence of a certain publication bias. However, there were problems of publication bias in some of the subjective or objective sleep variables. With regard to self-rating scales, as compared to the control group, the effect sizes in the CBT-I group were medium to large both at the end of treatment and on follow-up. A between-group comparison revealed that CBT-I was more effective than the control for subjective sleep variables at the end of treatment and that its effectiveness was also recognized on follow-up. The intra-group comparison revealed that the effect sizes of CBT-I for subjective sleep variables from sleep diaries were medium to large at the end point of treatment, and these effect sizes were favorably maintained on follow-up. Intra-group comparison of CBT-I and comparison between CBT-I and control groups were performed on these studies. We identified 14 randomized controlled studies published between 19 that fulfilled our selection criteria. We conducted a meta-analysis focusing on these issues. However, conclusive information about therapeutic effects (especially during follow-up), effect sizes of objective sleep parameters and self-rating scales, and the problem of publication bias has not been obtained. Previous meta-analyses have shown the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).
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